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- IP over ATM Working Group Juha Heinanen
- Reguest for Comments: DRAFT Telecom Finland
- Expires August 12, 1993 February 12, 1993
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- NBMA Address Resolution Protocol (NBMA ARP)
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-
- Abstract
-
- This document contains an informal description of the NBMA ARP
- protocol and is only intended as a basis for a discussion. The
- section describing the protocol procedures in detail will be filled
- in later.
-
- 1. Introduction
-
- The NBMA Address Resolution Protocol (NBMA ARP) allows a source
- terminal (a host or router) connected to a non-broadcast, multiaccess
- link layer network (called NBMA for short) to resolve a network layer
- address of a destination terminal to its link layer address in the
- same NBMA. The destination terminal can be connected to the NBMA
- either directly or indirectly via a router. Once the address
- resolution has been completed, the source terminal may either start
- sending network layer Protocol Data Units (PDUs) to the destination
- (connectionless NBMA) or may first establish a connection to the
- destination with a desired bandwidth and other QOS characteristics
- (connection oriented NBMA).
-
- Note that an NBMA can be non-broadcast either because it technically
- doesn't support broadcasting (e.g. an X.25 network) or because
- broadcasting is not feasible for one reason or another (e.g. an SMDS
- broadcast group would be too large).
-
- 2. Protocol Overview
-
- The NBMA ARP protocol is based on interaction between terminals
- (hosts and routers) and so-called NBMA ARP servers (ARP servers for
- short). A terminal generates an NBMA ARP Request (ARP Request for
- short) to one of its ARP servers. The server then either responds
- with an NBMA ARP Reply (ARP Reply for short) or forwards the request
- to another ARP server. Forwarding of the requests and replies is
- based on the network layer destination address found in the ARP PDU
- (see section 4).
-
- The forwarding function requires that ARP servers are able to route
- each supported network layer protocol. ARP servers don't, however,
- need to be able to switch network layer PDUs belonging to those
-
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- Heinanen Expires August 12, 1993 [Page 1]
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- RFC DRAFT NBMA ARP February 1993
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- protocols. Exceptions are ARP servers acting as proxys for terminals
- connected to other link layer networks. Such servers must also be
- able to switch network layer PDUs between the NBMA and the other link
- layer networks.
-
- Each terminal is associated with one or more ARP servers to which the
- terminal advertizes its network and NBMA addresses and which the
- terminal uses to resolve network layer addresses of other terminals.
- When a terminal wants to resolve a network layer address of a
- destination terminal, it sends an ARP Request to one of its ARP
- servers. After receiving an ARP Request, an ARP server checks if it
- is serving the destination terminal. If so, it generates a positive
- ARP Reply that contains the NBMA address of the destination terminal
- and forwards it towards the network address of the source terminal.
-
- If the ARP server is not serving the destination terminal, it looks
- up from its forwarding table the next hop towards the destination.
- If no entry is found, the ARP server generates a negative ARP Reply
- and forwards it towards the network address of the source terminal.
-
- If a forwarding entry is found, the ARP server checks if the next hop
- is behind its NBMA interface. If so, it forwards the ARP Request to
- the next hop ARP server. If the next hop is behind some other
- interface, the ARP server may be willing to act as a proxy for the
- destination terminal, in which case it generates a positive ARP Reply
- containing its own NBMA address as the link layer address of the
- destination terminal.
-
- When a positive ARP Reply reaches the source terminal, it may need to
- establish a connection to the given NBMA address before starting to
- send network layer PDUs to the destination. If communication attempt
- fails and the ARP reply was non-authoritative, the terminal may,
- before giving up, send another ARP Request, this time asking for an
- authoritative answer. A positive ARP Reply will be non-authoritative
- if an ARP server is replying based on cached information.
-
- 3. Configuration
-
- Terminals
-
- A terminal connected to an NBMA is configured with its network and
- NBMA addresses as well as with an NBMA address of each of its ARP
- servers. The configuration may be manual or automatic depending on
- the network layer protocol and the properties of the NBMA. For
- example, an ATM network may help a connected terminal to determine
- its ATM address and may also define one or more predefined ATM
- addresses of ARP servers.
-
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- Heinanen Expires August 12, 1993 [Page 2]
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- RFC DRAFT NBMA ARP February 1993
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- Once the addresses are configured, the terminal may set up a
- connection to each of its ARP servers (unless a permanent connection
- has already been configured or the NBMA is connectionless). Then the
- terminal can inform the ARP servers about its network and NBMA
- addresses using a suitable discovery protocol. The discovery
- protocol depends on the network layer protocol. For example, an IP
- terminal may use InARP [RFC 1923] and a CLNP terminal may use ES-IS
- [ISO 9542].
-
- If a terminal is connected to more than one link layer network, it
- may also need to be configured to receive routing information from
- its ARP servers. The terminal can then use the routing information
- to find out which network address prefixes are reachable via which
- link layer networks and at which cost.
-
- ARP Servers
-
- An ARP server is configured with a set of network address prefixes
- that correspond to the network addresses of the terminals it is
- prepared to serve. An IP ARP server, for example, must belong to the
- same IP networks as the served terminals. Similarly, a CLNP ARP
- server must share common area addresses with the terminals it is
- serving.
-
- An ARP server must also be configured with whatever information is
- needed so that it can exchange routing information with its
- neighboring ARP servers (if any). Routing information is exchanged
- using regular intra- and/or inter-domain routing protocols such as
- OSPF, (dual) IS-IS, BGP, or IDRP. As mentioned above, it may also
- need to be configured to advertize its routing information to the
- served terminals.
-
- An ARP server acting as a proxy for terminals connected to other link
- layer networks, must, in addition to the above, be configured to
- redistribute routing information between the NBMA and the other link
- layer networks.
-
- 4. PDU Format
-
- The NBMA ARP PDU format is a modification of the standard ARP [RFC
- 826] PDU format. In both formats, the operation code field is
- located at the same offset from the beginning of the PDU, which makes
- it possible to use the same protocol identification codes (e.g.
- EtherType) for both the standard ARP and the NBMA ARP. The format of
- the NBMA ARP PDU is shown below:
-
-
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- Heinanen Expires August 12, 1993 [Page 3]
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- RFC DRAFT NBMA ARP February 1993
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- nbma-arp$lnk 2 bytes Link layer type
- nbma-arp$net 2 bytes Network layer type
- nbma-arp$sll 1 byte Length of source link layer
- address
- nbma-arp$snl 1 byte Length of source network
- layer address
- nbma-arp$op 1 byte Operation code
- nbma-arp$dll 1 byte Length of destination link
- layer address
- nbma-arp$dnl 1 byte Length of destination network
- layer address
- nbma-arp$sla m bytes Source link layer address
- nbma-arp$sna n bytes Source network layer address
- nbma-arp$dla o bytes Destination link layer
- address
- nbma-arp$dna p bytes Destination network layer
- address
-
- The possible values for the Link layer type and Network layer type
- fields are the same as for the Hardware type and Protocol type of the
- standard ARP and may be found in the current Assigned Numbers RFC.
-
- All Length fields give the length of the corresponding address in
- bits. An empty address field is indicated with the length value 0.
-
- The operation code indicates the type of the message. The assigned
- values are:
-
- NBMA ARP Request = 10
- NBMA ARP Request for Authoritative Information = 11
- NBMA ARP Positive, Authoritative Reply = 12
- NBMA ARP Positive, Non-Authoritative Reply = 13
- NBMA ARP Negative, Authoritative Reply = 14
-
- These values were chosen so as not to conflict with other ARP
- extensions.
-
- In requests and negative replies, the Destination link layer address
- field is always empty. All fields are present in all other messages.
-
- The difference between NBMA Request and NBMA Request for
- Authoritative Information is that in the former case an NBMA ARP
- server is not allowed to reply based on cached information. There
- also exists two versions of positive replies so that the requester
- knows if a reply to an NBMA ARP Request was based on authoritative or
- cached information.
-
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- Heinanen Expires August 12, 1993 [Page 4]
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- RFC DRAFT NBMA ARP February 1993
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- 5. Protocol Operation
-
- A detailed specification of the NBMA ARP protocol will be added
- later.
-
- 6. Discussion
-
- The result of an ARP Request depends on how routing is configured
- among the ARP servers. If the destination terminal is directly
- connected to the NBMA and the ARP servers always prefer NBMA routes
- over routes via other link layer networks, then the ARP Reply always
- returns the NBMA address of the destination terminal itself rather
- than the NBMA address of some proxy ARP server. For destinations
- outside the NBMA, routing between proxy ARP servers and routers in
- the other link layer networks should be organized so that the desired
- proxy ARP server is always found.
-
- In addition to ARP servers, an NBMA terminal could also be associated
- with one or more regular routers that could act as "connectionless
- servers" for the terminal. Then the terminal could choose whether to
- try to resolve the network layer address of a destination to its NBMA
- address or whether just to send the network layer PDUs to one of the
- terminal's connectionless servers. The latter option may be
- desirable if communication with the destination is short lived and/or
- doesn't require much network resources. The connectionless servers
- could, of course, be physically integrated in the ARP servers by
- augmenting them with network layer switching functionality.
-
- Although the above description of the NBMA ARP protocol deals with
- resolving network layer addresses to link layer addresses, the
- protocol can as well be applied to resolving a network or link layer
- address to another network or link layer address. Such a capability
- may be needed if a single logical network consists of subnetworks
- implementing different addressing schemes. An example could be an
- ATM network consisting of both NSAP and E.164 addressed subnetworks.
- Several levels of ARPing may, however, add a considerable delay to
- the connection set up process and should thus be avoided.
-
- Acknowledgements
-
- I would like to thank Dennis Ferguson of ANS, Joel Halpern of Network
- Systems, and Paul Tsuchiya of Bellcore for their valuable insight and
- comments to earlier versions of this draft.
-
- Author's Address
-
- Juha Heinanen Telecom Finland, PO Box 228, SF-33101 Tampere, Finland
-
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- Heinanen Expires August 12, 1993 [Page 5]
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- RFC DRAFT NBMA ARP February 1993
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- Phone: +358 49 500 958
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- Email: Juha.Heinanen@datanet.tele.fi
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- Heinanen Expires August 12, 1993 [Page 6]
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